Cultural Penetration

To maintain the condition of a dependent country needed a cultural superstructure designed to prevent knowledge of their identity. This superstructure is organized on the basis of a set of organizations and practices planned and developed by the imperialist powers and their internal operations, the native oligarchies.

Arturo Jauretche in the prophets of hate and bonus, creates the concept of "Driving Educational Colonization? To define how it is organized and develops cultural dependence. The figure of "Apparatus? can display a set of organizations, acting with the same goal to create and sustain addiction. The concept of "colonization?, Allows us to understand culture as a political space whose function is directly related to the maintenance of this unit. The idea of ​​"pedagogy? to understand that this process involves a long-range educational function, which is exercised through the "Device? in order to "colonize?.

The nineteenth and twentieth centuries, showed an acceleration of events, at first glance, would mark fundamental changes in the history of mankind. In light of reality offered by the twenty-first century, it appears that no such changes, but different makeup for the same face. The inhuman face of savage capitalism, the Western world, which now takes the name of "globalization?

Until the seventeenth century, the agricultural economy of Europe was farming a double problem: on the one hand, a chronic shortage of winter feed for their livestock, forcing it to sacrifice a large part in the fall and keep your meat for winter consumption, which which produced a great demand for spices for flavoring and preservation.

The seasoning was salt cheaper, coming mostly from Portugal. But the most effective spices: pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger, occurred in the East. This market also gave him to Europe, luxury items such as silk, perfumes, velvet, porcelain, with great benefits for traders.

One of the first in the exploration of new routes in search of these markets, were the Portuguese. During 1400, around? Africa, came to the ocean? Index. Then pass the Spanish adventure with Christopher Columbus, who came to America, but never found out.

Between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries, Europeans go hunting. Your stop is America? Africa, the invaders found civilizations that had achieved a remarkable development. In America, though, some people lived in huts and had a very simple social organization, there were also some much more advanced.

The Aztecs, in the current region of Mexico, were a powerful union of diverse peoples. Its capital Tenochtitlan was described with amazement by Hernan Cortez, in a letter to Charles V: "cities as large as Seville and Cordoba, (...) there are several places that serve the market, among them, there is a larger than the city of Salamanca, surrounded by porticoes, where more than 60,000 souls, bought and sold continuously and in large numbers, all food and goods that are in the rest of the universe?

The Aztecs used pictographic writing, on paper or animal skin. Education, very strict, was taught from childhood: music, religion, history, mathematics, interpretation of the codices, martial arts, writing, timing and knowledge of other disciplines. Men are inculcated warrior vocation.

The Maya, located in Central America, leaving signs of a phenomenal architecture, seen in the ruined cities of Palenque, Uxmal, Mayapan, Copán, Tikal, Chichen Itzzá, and others.,

They were skilled weavers, produced fine pottery, unsurpassed in the Spanish colonies. They developed a hieroglyphic writing, and recorded their mythology, history and ritual, into blocks or pillars of stone, on paper made of tree bark and animal skin parchment., Later in the sixteenth century in, Mayan language, but Latin alphabet, there are two of the most valuable texts of pre-Columbian culture, the Popol Vuh and the Books of Chilan Balan. They had advanced astronomical and mathematical knowledge. . They created a calendar of 365 days, more accurate than all known to the Gregorian calendar. Gave a value different from the figures, according to their position, and found zero, which had failed the Egyptians, Sumerians, Greeks and Romans.

The Incas in South America, structured a powerful empire that stretched from Ecuador and southern Colombia to northern Chile and northern and central Argentina stop. Headquarters (Cuzco) and major cities were in Peru and Bolivia. They built magnificent temples, fabulous palaces and mighty fortresses, such as Machu Picchu.

Built more than 16,000 kms. roads, (as well paved, which are still used) and suspension bridges, to connect and communicate to the empire. To develop agriculture on the mountain terraces and created an irrigation system which is still preserved. Metal handles very well and created an accounting system and communication through multicolored Tweety strategic nodes, called "quipus?, Meaning knot.

The different types of societies that existed in Asia,? Africa and South America, of course was not homogeneous and harmonious. There were deep differences of evolution, tribal wars and domination of some processes developed empires, like the Chinese or Mongols in Asia, the Arabs? Africa, the Aztecs or the Incas, in America.

But, not having entered the capitalist system, even those seeking to expand peoples invading neighboring territories, have maintained and cared for a harmonious relationship with its landscape and its inhabitants. Tended the ecological and social balance.

The presence of the white man, marked by the profit motive, means not only genocide, ethnocide, but also the destruction of the environment, breaking a cultural harmony, which operated from then on the future of these continents, in two levels: one, destruction of the economy. The farming and care of natural assets, in order to sustain a decent standard of living, were replaced by a system of exploitation, which displays this property, just as objects of sale. The invaders were an ecological crisis, social and cultural consequences of which we are suffering today.

The other superstructure, emphasized conceptual, ideologically. The peoples of these "new? continents, regardless of their commitment or loyalty to the ruling classes or sacred symbols, in general, had a practice of collective participation, which did not respond to a plan to benefit one sector of society, or for personal enrichment, even for overcomes transformation, but a feeling, a natural relationship with the land and with their peers. Europeans imported the concept of personal wealth, which carries the maximum use of any production, surplus production, speculation.

The white man, from his goal of domination and conquest, to make simple human capacity in goods and automate work, stripping it of any possibility of personal creation, has no choice but to destroy an ancient balance between man and nature.

Jean Paul Sartre, analyzing the situation, says: "Remember those Indians of Brazil, which are left to die quietly, when the Portuguese tried to attach them to the ground. I wonder sometimes if sadness is not working exactly the same reasons. The Indians have not been wiped out by the formal characteristics of slavery, but by changing their way of working and their way of life, which involved a different power and forced passage of nomadic to sedentary lifestyle, the advent of automation, task of plots and mass production, would not result from current workers a similar mismatch. The interest in the work decreases, fatigue increases., Structures break the working world, depersonalization, physiological deformations. Interchangeability, remove the worker eventually working his reasons?.

The concept of work and linking with the same man, is a serious, deep transformations produced by the white invader.

Thus we come to today. In our country and in Latin America, the process of cultural domination, had differences of nuance. There were native oligarchies, like Brazil, totally submissive to the imperialist, installed in power since its inception as a republic, and another, such as Paraguay, which was directly destroyed, when he had begun a process of independent development.

"The uprising of the people today without borders. The internationalization of the economy, internationalization national struggles. And these struggles, which, although formally nationals in their particular contents, are global by their ends. Such a struggle is true on two fronts, against imperialism in general, and the native oligarchies, in particular.

Native classes economically dependent and culturally corrupted by the colossal media machine of world monopolies. This imperialist policy in the colonial countries, uses the residual income system to fold into its orbit, not just the oligarchs vernacular, but to certain sectors of the middle class, especially the petty bourgeoisie commercial, industrial and intellectual property. And even at the higher layers of the working class. The anti-national consciousness of these groups, is fed with the crumbs scattered throughout the global system of power.? Hernández Arregui. "The formation of national consciousness?.

World power invariably produce two facts need to strengthen their domain: any attempt to remove people's organization, and avoid or dilute any thought to point to national autonomy.

From there, all social conflict is the product "the infiltration of foreign ideas?, And the constant and repeated discovery of international extremist plots. Curiously and sadly funny that the fiercest representatives of the extreme right, submissive servants of imperialist domination plans (Videla, Pinochet, Somoza, Stroessner, Menem), are the spokesmen and defenders of "national being?

The goal of domination becomes in turn a necessity. Continuing with Latin America, operating territory of the United States and trying to limit ourselves to each country, in every respect, so as to become adjuncts of central power, so you can not solve anything without your assistance.

It is not possible coexistence of different models, as in certain times in our country with an economy and a technique dependent on Britain, a Prussian army, and an outstanding intellectual of French ideas.

This need is due not only to the objective of strengthening its domination, but also not to allow the advancement of Europe, Japan or China, where inter-clash to conquer markets.

Everything is for these purposes, including matters within the central power are irritants or face the system, are exported to the dependent countries, some as entertainment (the hippies, rock, protest song) -.

Yet the ideological apparatus of the system is organized to accomplish a goal: the cultural alienation, education, press, cinema, theater, comics, literature, television advertising.

This is to prevent the development of popular culture, which inevitably becomes a national culture, built by the collective memory, the understanding of the triumphs and defeats, the insight to analyze the present and the intelligence to develop the furo.

National culture and political freedom are inseparable. So the system fills us with a neutral culture, away from any contamination with reality.

In Chile, achieved the victory of the Popular Unity, with Salvador Allende, as part of national liberation, in its transition to socialism, the State Publishing, began publishing a children's magazine, which sought to neutralize the ideological influence of the usual story, at that time, all of U.S. origin, in particular, any line developed by Walt Disney.

With great scandal and a critical overreaction to the right, who called demystifying attitude as extremely dangerous, alongside the Chilean Ariel Dorfman and Armand Mattelart Belgian, published a will

This book reveals how, behind a seemingly idyllic and harmonious relationship, develop a stifling world where there is no room for affection and solidarity, by contrast, conduct that reflects is an absolute authoritarianism and a ruthless competition.

All the contradictions resolved by the triumph of the values ​​"adults?. Of course, the adult world, is the world of capitalism.

With the image of cute animals and candy, presents the hardest and savage society, where the behavior is habitual cruelty, blackmail, taking advantage of the weaknesses of others, envy, fear.

The model, dressed Coya, a Hindu. of black African tribesman Brazilian or is a monotonous repetition of a savage and stupid innocent, ready to deliver

In the field of culture, the nature of capitalist development and competition among, economic and financial empires, was achieved two methodologies for determining

These giant monopolies and synergistic multimedia empires, are intended to control only the content but also of all the elements involved in the production industry and laboratories, technology, transmission facilities and cultural activity.

This means the simultaneous control in the hands of one company, dozens of television channels, radio stations, satellites, telecommunications companies, chains of newspapers and magazines, film producers, distributors of video, cable TV, record labels, amusement parks, as well as hotel chains, airlines, etc. This also avoid being hostages or victims of sabotage or blocks, by corporate rivals.

In addition to building this network of full service, are a form overactive, where communicators can shop, play, make phone calls all over the Internet.

An obvious example is the Disney company.

The Walt Disney Company (also known as Disney Enterprises Inc., or simply Disney) was founded in 1923 and is one of the largest corporations in the world devoted to communications and entretenimiento0. It is the second communications company. In 2002, had revenue of 22 billion dollars, from the acquisition of Capital Cities ABC, controls:

Film producer and distributor Disney, Touchstone, Hollywood, Miramax, The Sports Network, Arts & Entertainment, Lifetime, ABC, Disney Channel, ESPN, several television stations and networks.

Cable channels: ESPN, Disney Channel, ABC Family, Toon Disney, SoapNet and Lifetime Entertainment Services of A & E Television Network and Et Network, ABC News, also operates Walt Disney Television Animation and Kid Fox International.

Recreation parks: Disneyland (Anaheim, Florida), Disney World (Orlando, Florida), Disneyland Resort Paris and the Tokyo Disney Resort, plus a new park in Hong Kong.

Advertising companies, as well as newspaper chains and magazines.

Toy chains: Disney Stores.

Companies that produce and distribute videos: Direct-to-video, linked to its own distributor Buena Vista.

Publishing companies: Fairchild.

Companies of video programming and interactive services.

Telephone and communication companies: Baby Bella (detachment of Bell Telephone Company)

Disney Consumer Products: This division began operating in 1929, currently licensed by Disney products covers a wide range of products ranging from toys to art, to electronics and food, and is divided as follows:

Disney Consumer Products

Disney Publishing (Hyperion Books for Children, Disney Press and Disney Editions) Buena Vista Games.

The Baby Einstein Company.

Disney Disney Stores worldwide

Direct Marketing (Disney Store.com and The Disney Catalog), Disney Media Networks. Disney Cruise Line also operates, The Disney Vacation Club, Disney Regional Entertainment, ESPN Zone sports dining and entertainment locations and Anaheim Sports Inc., which operates the hockey team "The Mighty Ducks? the NHL, and had the basketball team "Anaheim Angels? sold to businessman Arturo Moreno.

The possession of money and mastery of technology, by itself, does not allow the power to influence and dominate so many people in the distance. It is imperative passibility complicity and those who do not have the courage to face it.

The cultural industry is developed covered by the neoliberal state, but also by large sections of society. Beyond the image of omnipotence and the real power of these large corporations (able to make or break political or social leaders, overthrow governments or bombing cities), its action is possible through the cooperation and selflessness of countless local accomplices: the decision makers at the national level, those who obstruct the creative initiatives, and those who "select the movies? in commercial distribution, and those who "build news, those who destroy buildings and historic towns, to make buildings" modern. Creative, intellectual, professional, radio and television broadcasters, artists, merchants.

The paradigms that sustained until the 70's the work of the social sciences into crisis, Crisis caused by the emergence of new realities result of both technological advances and changes in social reality. The debate over postmodernism is a witness to these changes. Protagnismo Parallel to this the social movements that emerged from the grassroots, contradicts the idea of ​​"folk," the "picturesque" of pure indigenous

Define what is popular culture, it is difficult nastante. For some sectors, popular culture would not exist in practice and only have spaces for the "high culture?, Manipulated by the mass media.

At the other extreme, interpret popular culture as a stronghold to retain intact the national sense, especially in countries like ours, suffer from constant invasion of foreign posts.

Accepting that the media are a key resource of imperialism to impose ideological contraband on traditional and local cultures, then "the priority task of the anthropologist, sociologist, historian, is to study traditional practices are lost, inheritance disintegrating . In short, restore and conserve memory.